Thinking climate action, biodiversity and energy supply together
Renewable energies are not the main driver of biodiversity loss. It is rather the other way round: renewables can limit climate change in order to preserve biodiversity. Cyril Brunner contextualises the trade-offs from a scientific perspective.
On 9 June, Switzerland will vote on the Electricity Act. This is actually a whole package of laws – and a major compromise. It aims to achieve a secure power supply with renewable energies, even in winter, and enable Switzerland to generate more domestic electricity from sun, water and wind.
The proposal raises important questions: Why is the energy transition needed now and in this form? What are the consequences for the landscape and biodiversity? And, is it possible to mitigate climate change, preserve biodiversity and secure the energy supply at the same time?
It is precisely these kinds of interfaces and conflicting goals that Switzerland will be confronted with in the coming years on the road towards climate neutrality. SPEED2ZERO, a joint initiative of the institutions within the ETH Domain, is investigating these interfaces. Together with researchers from the fields of biodiversity, landscape, energy and climate, we have assessed some of these trade-offs from a scientific perspective and summarised them in a white paper.1
I think the discussions centred on the vote are very important. This is because biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate worldwide, and in Switzerland in particular. The main causes of this are urbanisation and agriculture; energy infrastructure is also a driver, but only to a small extent.
Nevertheless, there is a conflict of objectives between new plants and the protection of biodiversity: hydropower plants interrupt the migration routes of fish and disrupt the ecological balance of rivers; solar panels cast shadows and can affect vegetation and animals; and birds and bats collide with wind turbines. Yet these figures are very small: in Switzerland, each wind turbine kills as many birds as two domestic cats eat every year.
However, climate change itself is contributing to the loss of biodiversity. If we do not succeed in mitigating it, the ever-warmer climate is likely to become one of the main drivers of species extinction. In addition, climate change is already altering landscapes on a large scale, as witnessed by the global melting of glaciers. But personally, I am more concerned about thawing permafrost, crumbling mountains and resulting unstable slopes, and withering forests due to long periods of drought. A key argument in favour of the climate targets set is to reduce the devastating consequences for biodiversity and landscapes.
Switzerland wants to phase out fossil fuels primarily through heat pumps and the electrification of mobility and to cover its growing demand for renewable electricity primarily through photovoltaics and hydropower. In view of the energy crisis and geopolitical tensions, electricity production from renewable energies grew so strongly in 2023 that it could cover the electricity needs of a climate-neutral Switzerland in 25 years – but it is unlikely that the pace of 2023 can be maintained without additional measures. The Electricity Act provides incentives and removes familiar hurdles.
Climate neutrality is not possible without compromises
Clearly, any new infrastructure has an impact on biodiversity and the landscape. However, negative effects can be minimised – four principles, which we discuss in the white paper, help in assessing prospective sites.
In general, installations on existing infrastructure have the least impact on nature, followed by areas influenced by humans such as mountain railways, fields and pastures.
Previously, cantons had to designate suitable areas for hydroelectric or wind power plants; under the new law, they would also have to do this for large solar power plants. Landscape and biotope protection, forest conservation and the public's right to have their say and lodge complaints remain intact.
Of all renewables, hydropower plants have the greatest negative impact on biodiversity. Of the 15 planned hydropower projects, 13 are at existing reservoirs that would be expanded or, in one case, newly developed for energy purposes. The negative impact of these expansions is much smaller than for plants at new locations. Two projects are new reservoirs in places where there was previously a glacier tongue.
Changes are inevitable
In my view, however, it would be wrong to reject new infrastructure just because it is not without consequences. We should be aware that the landscape will change anyway. Doing nothing does not mean that nature will not change. Progress on climate change mitigation is urgently needed.
In the current debate on the consequences of renewables, it can be emphasised from a scientific perspective that such plants are not the main cause of dwindling biodiversity. However, biodiversity as a crisis is just as real and life-threatening as climate change. We can only solve both together – and one key to this is renewable energies.
As a society, however, we cannot avoid asking ourselves the same uncomfortable questions in other areas of life. We should therefore discuss the main causes of biodiversity loss just as openly and find pragmatic compromises.
1 Concurrent challenges for Switzerland – interfaces in climate action, biodiversity conservation, energy security and landscape preservation. Whitepaper (2024) SPEED2ZERO
2 external pageTrendwende Klima und Biodiversit?t (2022) Swiss Academy of Sciences (Report in German)